Tolerancia a la prueba ergométrica graduada al utilizar barbijo o tapaboca / Exercise Testing Tolerance when Using Face Mask

RESUMEN Introducción: es poco conocida la tolerancia al ejercicio con el uso de barbijo. Objetivo: investigar tolerancia al barbijo en ergometrías (PEG). Material y métodos: estudio multicéntrico con PEG con barbijo. Resultados: 118 PEG (62 cinta, 56 cicloergómetro), 68 hombres, edad 46,74 ± 16,7 años. Setenta (59,3%) completaron PEG con barbijo, 48 (40,7%) debieron retirarlo: 17 en cinta (27,4%), 31 (55,4%) en bicicleta (p = 0,002). Porcentaje de frecuencia cardíaca al retirar barbijo con respecto a máxima alcanzada: 94,5±5,35%. Edad de quienes retiraron barbijo: 42,69±17,35 años y de quienes toleraron: 49,51 ± 15,88 (p = 0,003). Saturación basal: 97,46 ± 1,01%; en esfuerzo máximo con barbijo: 96,58 ± 1,37% (p <0,0001). Al retirar barbijo, saturación de 97,06 ± 1,35% (p < 0.0001). Edad menor y uso de cicloergómetro fueron predictores de no tolerar el barbijo. Conclusiones: la mayoría completó el ejercicio máximo con barbijo. La intensidad de ejercicio al retirar el barbijo fue alta. La saturación cayó en ejercicio con barbijo, aunque sin repercusión clínica.

ABSTRACT Background: Tolerance to exercise with the use of face mask is not well known. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the tolerance of exercise parameters during exercise stress testing (EST) while wearing a face mask. Methods: Multicenter study of EST while wearing face mask. Results: 118 ESTs (62 on treadmill, 56 on cycle ergometer), 68 men, age 46.74 ± 16.7 years. Seventy patients (59.3%) completed the EST wearing a face mask, and 48 (40.7%) removed it; 17 patients (27.4%) were on treadmill and 31 (55.4%) on cycle ergometer (p = 0.002). Percentage of maximum predicted heart rate attained when the patients removed their face mask: 94.5 ± 5.35%. Age of those who removed the face mask: 42.69 ± 17.35 years and of those who tolerated the face mask: 49.51 ± 15.88 years (p = 0.003). Baseline SpO2 was 97.46 ± 1.01% and 96.58 ± 1.37% on peak exercise wearing face mask (p < 0.0001). SpO2 when the face mask was removed: 97.06 ± 1.35% (p <0.0001). Younger age and use of cycle ergometer were predictors of intolerance to face mask. Conclusion: Most patients completed peak exercise with face mask. Exercise intensity was high when the face mask was removed. Oxygen saturation dropped during exercise with face mask without clinical impact.

[Cardiac magnetic resonance and follow up of professional soccer players recovering from COVID-19]. / Resonancia magnética cardíaca y seguimiento de futbolistas profesionales post COVID-19.

The incidence of post-COVID-19 cardiac compromise is not well known. The eventual cardiac repercussions on a return to high-performance sport are unclear. A prospective observational study with evaluation by physical examination, electrocardiogram, Doppler echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was carried out in international level professional soccer players recovering from COVID-19 who had the disease asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. Four-month follow-up with participation in national and international competitions. Twenty-four soccer players were included, age 27.13 years (between 20 and 36). Nine (37.5%) had asymptomatic disease and 15 (62.5%) had mild symptoms. No athletes required hospitalization. Physical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic examinations did not reveal heart disease. CMRs showed ventricular thicknesses and volumes consistent with high-performance athletes. In T1, T2 and fat saturation signals, no fat infiltration or signs of edema were observed. No late enhancement after gadolinium injection. They began their training between 12 and 14 days after diagnosis. Eleven (45.8%) participated between 4 and 6 international matches of Libertadores de América International Cup. The remaining 13 completed high intensity training sessions and participated in local league competitions. At 4 months after diagnosis, none of the soccer players developed cardiac events and training and competitions were well tolerated. These findings suggest low cardiovascular impact of COVID 19 and excellent tolerance to early post-COVID high intensity exercise of young athletes recovering from the disease with no or mild symptoms.

La incidencia de compromiso cardíaco post COVID-19 en pacientes que cursaron la enfermedad asintomáticos o con síntomas leves no es bien conocida. Tampoco están claras las eventuales repercusiones cardíacas en el regreso al deporte de alto rendimiento. Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo con evaluación mediante electrocardiograma, ecocardiograma Doppler y resonancia magnética cardiaca (RMC) a hombres futbolistas profesionales de nivel internacional que habían cursado COVID-19 asintomáticos o con síntomas leves; seguimiento 4 meses con participación en competencias nacionales e internacionales. Se incluyeron 24 futbolistas, edad media 27, (20-36). Nueve (37.5%) cursaron la enfermedad asintomáticos y 15 (62.5%) con síntomas leves. Los exámenes físicos, electro y ecocardiográficos no evidenciaron cardiopatía. Las RMCs mostraron espesores y volúmenes ventriculares acordes a deportistas de alto rendimiento. En las señales de T1, T2 y saturación grasa no se observó infiltración grasa ni signos de edema; sin realce tardío post inyección de gadolinio. Comenzaron sus entrenamientos entre 12 y 14 días post diagnóstico. Once (45.8%) participaron entre 4 y 6 encuentros internacionales de la Copa Libertadores de América. Los restantes 13 cumplieron con entrenamientos de alta intensidad y participaron en competencias de liga local. A 4 meses del diagnóstico ninguno de los futbolistas desarrolló eventos cardíacos y los entrenamientos y competencias fueron bien tolerados. Estos hallazgos sugieren la escasa repercusión cardiovascular de COVID-19 y la excelente tolerancia al ejercicio de alta intensidad realizado en forma precoz post COVID de deportistas jóvenes que cursaron la enfermedad asintomáticos o con síntomas leves.

Resonancia magnética cardíaca y seguimiento de futbolistas profesionales post COVID-19 / Cardiac magnetic resonance and follow up of professional soccer players recovering from COVID-19

Resumen La incidencia de compromiso cardíaco post COVID-19 en pacientes que cursaron la enfermedad asintomáticos o con síntomas leves no es bien conocida. Tampoco están claras las eventuales repercusiones cardíacas en el regreso al deporte de alto rendimiento. Se realizó un estudio observacional pros pectivo con evaluación mediante electrocardiograma, ecocardiograma Doppler y resonancia magnética cardiaca (RMC) a hombres futbolistas profesionales de nivel internacional que habían cursado COVID-19 asintomáticos o con síntomas leves; seguimiento 4 meses con participación en competencias nacionales e internacionales. Se incluyeron 24 futbolistas, edad media 27, (20-36). Nueve (37.5%) cursaron la enfermedad asintomáticos y 15 (62.5%) con síntomas leves. Los exámenes físicos, electro y ecocardiográficos no evidenciaron cardiopatía. Las RMCs mostraron espesores y volúmenes ventriculares acordes a deportistas de alto rendimiento. En las señales de T1, T2 y saturación grasa no se observó infiltración grasa ni signos de edema; sin realce tardío post inyección de gadolinio. Comenzaron sus entrenamientos entre 12 y 14 días post diagnóstico. Once (45.8%) participaron entre 4 y 6 encuentros internacionales de la Copa Libertadores de América. Los restantes 13 cumplieron con entrenamientos de alta intensidad y participaron en competencias de liga local. A 4 meses del diagnóstico nin guno de los futbolistas desarrolló eventos cardíacos y los entrenamientos y competencias fueron bien tolerados. Estos hallazgos sugieren la escasa repercusión cardiovascular de COVID-19 y la excelente tolerancia al ejercicio de alta intensidad realizado en forma precoz post COVID de deportistas jóvenes que cursaron la enfermedad asintomáticos o con síntomas leves.

Abstract The incidence of post-COVID-19 cardiac compromise is not well known. The eventual cardiac repercussions on a return to high-performance sport are unclear. A prospective observational study with evaluation by physical examination, electrocardiogram, Doppler echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was carried out in international level professional soccer players recovering from COVID-19 who had the disease asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. Four-month follow-up with participation in national and international competitions. Twenty-four soccer players were included, age 27.13 years (between 20 and 36). Nine (37.5%) had asymptomatic disease and 15 (62.5%) had mild symptoms. No athletes required hospitalization. Physical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic examinations did not reveal heart disease. CMRs showed ventricular thicknesses and volumes consistent with high-performance athletes. In T1, T2 and fat saturation signals, no fat infiltration or signs of edema were observed. No late enhancement after gadolinium injection. They began their training between 12 and 14 days after diagnosis. Eleven (45.8%) participated between 4 and 6 international matches of Libertadores de América International Cup. The remaining 13 completed high intensity training sessions and participated in local league competitions. At 4 months after diagnosis, none of the soccer players developed cardiac events and training and competitions were well tolerated. These findings suggest low cardiovascular impact of COVID 19 and excellent tolerance to early post-COVID high intensity exercise of young athletes recovering from the disease with no or mild symptoms.

Comportamiento del consumo de oxígeno durante una sesión de rehabilitación cardíaca / Behavior of Oxygen Consumption During a Cardiac Rehabilitation Session

RESUMEN Objetivo: estudiar el comportamiento del consumo de oxígeno en pacientes con miocardiopatía dilatada durante una sesión de rehabilitación cardíaca. Material y métodos: diseño observacional, transversal, analítico relacional. Muestra: 10 pacientes masculinos con miocardiopatía dilatada, con deterioro de moderado a grave de la función ventricular. Se evaluó a los pacientes en laboratorio y en una sesión de rehabilitación mediante un analizador de gases portátil Medgraphics® VO 2000. La sesión de rehabilitación consistió en ejercicios en bicicleta fija de 10 minutos, step, escalera coordinativa, fuerza con mancuerna para bíceps y hombros, cuádriceps en camilla y dorsales en máquina. Resultados: Edad (años) 57,4 ± 14,6. Peso (kg) 91,4 ± 22,2. Talla (cm) 168,1 ± 6,2. Laboratorio: VO2max relativo (ml/kg/min) 21,8 ± 7,3. Tasa de intercambio respiratorio, RER (VCO2/VO2)1,05 ± 0,09. Volumen ventilado (L/min) 65,7 ± 18,5. Frecuencia cardíaca (lat./min) en VO2max 127,8 ± 23,8. Sesión: Duración (min) 37,5 ± 10. VO2pico (ml/kg/min) 14,6 ± 3 (69,9 ± 16,7% del VO2max). Coeficiente de correlación entre VO2max y tiempo con VO2 < 50% del VO2max (min) 0,662 (p = 0,037) y entre VO2pico en rehabilitación y tiempo en RER entre 0,85-1(min) 0,787 (p = 0,007). Los pacientes con mejor aptitud ejercitaron en zona de baja intensidad. Al aumentar el esfuerzo, aumentaron los minutos en intensidad moderada. Conclusión: Se constató en este estudio que los pacientes alcanzaron un VO2pico en las sesiones inferiores a sus máximos obtenidos en laboratorio. Si bien cualquier dosis de entrenamiento en estos pacientes es más beneficiosa que la inactividad física, el diseño y la planificación de las sesiones de RHC, valorando las intensidades de trabajo intrasesión, podrían generar mayor impacto en la mortalidad, las reinternaciones y en la calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the response of oxygen consumption in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy during a cardiac rehabilitation session. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, relational analytical study. Ten male patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction were included in the study. Patients were evaluated in the laboratory and during a rehabilitation session using a Medgraphics VO 2000 portable gas analyzer. The rehabilitation session consisted in 10 minutes of stationary bike exercises, step, coordinaton stairs, and muscle strength using dumbbells for biceps and shoulder, a quadriceps stretcher and a dorsal muscle machine. Results: Mean age was 57.4 ± 14.6 years, weight 91.4 ± 22.2 kg and height 168.1 ± 6.2 cm. In the laboratory, VO2max was 21.8 ± 7.3 ml/kg/min, respiratory exchange rate (RER) (VCO2/VO2) 1.05 ± 0.09, ventilated volume 65.7 ± 18.5 L/min and heart rate in VO2max 127.8 ± 23.8 beats/min. Rehabilitation session duration was 37.5 ± 10 min with peakVO2 14.6 ± 3 ml kg/min (69.9 ± 16.7 % VO2max). The correlation coefficient between VO2max and time with VO2 <50% VO2max(min) was 0.662 (p = 0.037) and between peakVO2 in rehabilitation and time in RER between 0.85-1 (min) was 0.787 (p = 0.007). Patients with better fitness exercised in the low-intensity zone. As exercise increased, the minutes in moderate intensity also increased. Conclusion: The study showed that patients reached peakVO2 in sessions below the maximum values obtained in the laboratory. Even though any dose of training in these patients was more beneficial than physical inactivity, cardiac rehabilitation session design and planning, taking into account intrasession exercise intensities, could generate greater impact on mortality, rehospitalizations and quality of life.

[Sildenafil and exercise performance at altitude]. / Rendimiento deportivo en la altura. Efecto del sildenafil.

Barometric pressure and partial oxygen pressure decrease with increasing altitude. Hypobaric hypoxia produced is responsible for altitude-related diseases and it can cause severe decrements in exercise performance. The physiological adaptations to the altitude are multiple and they contribute to alter different athletic qualities. The VO2 worsening could be associated to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and nitric oxide diffusion alteration. Performance impairments at altitude can also be accentuated by hypoxia-induced elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure. Clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of sildenafil on the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. These effects have led to suggest that its indication for competitions at altitude might improve athletic performance. The investigations demonstrate different results depending on the altitude level and times and intensities of exercise. Some studies show performance improvements, although not in all participants. Individual responses vary widely between different athletes. This presentation examines the effects of altitude on exercise capacity and shows studies about the use of sildenafil to improve sport performance. This text also discusses the possible side effects and implications for the use of sildenafil in athletes, indication that is not the basic one of the drug. The physicians must know in each athlete the individual sildenafil side effects that could arise and that would influence negatively on health and performance.

Rendimiento deportivo en la altura: Efecto del sildenafil / Sildenafil and exercise performance at altitude

La presión barométrica y la presión parcial de O2 disminuyen con la altura y la hipoxia hipobárica generada es la responsable de las enfermedades relacionadas con la altitud y del deterioro del rendimiento deportivo. Las adaptaciones fisiológicas a la altura son múltiples y contribuyen a la alteración de las diferentes cualidades atléticas. Se ha planteado que el deterioro del VO2 podría estar asociado a incrementos de la resistencia vascular pulmonar, así como a una alteración de la difusión pulmonar de óxido nítrico. La eficacia para el tratamiento de la hipertensión pulmonar demostrada por el sildenafil ha llevado a sugerir que su indicación para competencias en altura podría mejorar el rendimiento. Las investigaciones demuestran resultados diferentes según el nivel de altitud y los tiempos e intensidades del ejercicio. Algunos muestran mejoras del rendimiento, aunque no en todos los participantes. Existen condiciones individuales que podrían resultar en efectos mayores, menores o nulos. En esta presentación se analizan los efectos de la altura sobre la capacidad de esfuerzo, se muestran estudios, efectos colaterales eventuales y repercusiones del empleo de sildenafil para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo en altura. El médico deberá conocer en cada deportista los efectos colaterales individuales que podrían surgir y que influirían negativamente sobre la salud y el rendimiento.

Barometric pressure and partial oxygen pressure decrease with increasing altitude. Hypobaric hypoxia produced is responsible for altitude-related diseases and it can cause severe decrements in exercise performance. The physiological adaptations to the altitude are multiple and they contribute to alter different athletic qualities. The VO2 worsening could be associated to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and nitric oxide diffusion alteration. Performance impairments at altitude can also be accentuated by hypoxia-induced elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure. Clinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of sildenafil on the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. These effects have led to suggest that its indication for competitions at altitude might improve athletic performance. The investigations demonstrate different results depending on the altitude level and times and intensities of exercise. Some studies show performance improvements, although not in all participants. Individual responses vary widely between different athletes. This presentation examines the effects of altitude on exercise capacity and shows studies about the use of sildenafil to improve sport performance. This text also discusses the possible side effects and implications for the use of sildenafil in athletes, indication that is not the basic one of the drug. The physicians must know in each athlete the individual sildenafil side effects that could arise and that would influence negatively on health and performance.

La repolarización precoz en el electrocardiograma del futbolista: Prevalencia, características y evolución

La repolarización precoz (RP) en el electrocardiograma (ECG) del deportista ha sido considerada un hallazgo benigno. Algunas publicaciones la han asociado a incremento de riesgo de muerte súbita. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron evaluar la prevalencia de RP inferolateral en una población de futbolistas entrenados, describir variables asociadas a esta patente e investigar la aparición de eventos en el seguimiento. Se analizaron ECG de futbolistas sin antecedentes personales y familiares de cardiopatía, con examen físico cardiovascular normal. Se consideró RP a la elevación del punto J ≥ 0.1 mV sobre la línea de base en, al menos, 2 derivaciones inferiores y/o precordiales laterales, asociada o no a deflexión positiva o muesca en la parte final del QRS. Se relacionaron con RP el voltaje de R en V5 o V6, el intervalo PR, la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y la edad. Fueron contactados a los 60±5 meses de la evaluación inicial con ECG. Estadística: chi cuadrado y test t para datos no apareados. Fueron evaluados 210 ECG de futbolistas hombres, de origen europeo-sudamericano, con entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Edad: 18 ±4.6 años. La RP se encontró en 86 ECG (40.9%), incluida el subtipo inferior en 17 (8.1%). Un ECG mostró RP en cara inferior en forma aislada. Los futbolistas con RP tuvieron mayor edad, menor FC, PR más prolongado y menor voltaje de R. Ninguno de los futbolistas presentó eventos cardiovasculares a los 5 años de la evaluación.

Early repolarization (RP) on the electrocardiogram (ECG) of the athlete has been considered a benign finding. In some publications it has been associated with increased risk of sudden death. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of infero-lateral RP in a population of trained players, to describe variables associated with this pattern and investigate the occurrence of events in the follow up. ECG of players with a normal cardiovascular physical examination and without family and personal history of heart disease, were analyzed. RP was considered the J-point elevation ≥ 0.1 mV over baseline in at least 2 inferior and / or lateral precordial leads, associated or not with positive deflection or notch in the end of the QRS. RP is related to the voltage of R in V5 or V6, the PR interval, heart rate (HR) and age. They were contacted at 60 ± 5 months after the initial assessment ECG. Statistics: chi square and t test for unpaired data. We evaluated ECG of 210 soccer players, of European-South American origin, with high intensity training. Age: 18 ± 4.6 years. The RP ECG was present in 86 (40.9%), including the lower subtype in 17 (8.1%). One ECG showed PR in lower face in isolation. RP footballers were older, with less FC, prolonged PR and lower voltage of R. None of the players presented cardiovascular events in a 5 years follow up after this evaluation.

Rehabilitación cardiovascular en amputados de miembros inferiores de causa vascular / Cardiovascular rehabilitation in the lower extremities amputations to vascular diseases / Reabilitação cardiovascular em os amputados dos membros inferiores de causa vascular

Introducción. La aterosclerosis que afecta a los vasos de los miembros inferiores, llevándolos a la amputación, también puede involucrar otros vasos (coronarios, carotídeos, etc.). Las cardiopatías son significativamente elevadas en estos casos, incrementando su morbi-mortalidad a 5 ó 10 años, en su mayor parte, debido a patologías cardiovasculares y a diabetes. Estos pacientes para deambular deben desarrollar una energía superior a los no amputados. Hay evidencias de que efectuando ejercicios programados periódicos, utilizando los grupos musculares pertenecientes al tronco y a los miembros superiores, se obtienen similares resultados a los conseguidos convencionalmente en rehabilitación cardiovascular. Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto que provoca la rehabilitación cardiovascular en la morbi-mortalidad de pacientes amputados de miembros inferiores de causa vascular arterial. Material y métodos. Se aleatorizaron 40 pacientes en dos grupos, 20 en el grupo plan (GP) y 20 en el grupo control (GC). Al GP se le efectuaron ejercicios semanales periódicos y a ambos grupos controles de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Ambos grupos fueron seguidos durante 5 años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables involucradas. Los datos categóricos se analizaron utilizando porcentajes, en tanto que los cuantitativos, utilizando la media con el respectivo desvío estándar y la mediana. Se analizó la independencia entre variables cualitativas o categóricas a través de una prueba de Chi-cuadrado o test exacto de Fischer. Para analizar la diferencia entre los dos grupos en el caso de variables continuas se usó el test t de Student o la prueba no paramétrica de Mann Whitney cuando la distribución no fue normal. Se comparó la supervivencia de los pacientes del GP con la del GC mediante la confección de curvas de Kaplan-Meier, aplicándose a estas curvas la prueba de log-rank. Se consideró significación estadística un valor de p <0,05. Resultados. La mortalidad del GP fue del 25%, la del GC del 55% (p=0,035). Morbilidad: en el GP, 8 pacientes (40%) padecieron 9 internaciones; en el GC, 13 pacientes (65%) padecieron 18 internaciones (p=0,0095). Conclusión. Los adecuados planes que engloban ejercicios programados periódicos y estricto control de los factores de riesgo disminuyen significativamente la morbi-mortalidad de los pacientes amputados de miembros inferiores de causa vascular.

Introduction. The atherosclerosis affecting blood vessels from lower extremities and leading to amputation can involve other vessels too (such as heart and carotid among others). Heart disease is remarkably high in these cases, and its 5 to 10 year morbimortality is high too, mainly cardiovascular pathologies and diabetes. Patients need to develop greater more energy to roam than patients without amputation. It has been shown that periodic scheduled exercises using the muscle groups corresponding to the trunk and upper extremities yield similar results to those conventionally achieved with cardiovascular rehabilitation. Objective. Assess the impact exerted by cardiovascular rehabilitation on the morbimortality of lower extremities amputees due to vascular/arterial diseases. Material and methods. To meet objectives, 40 patients were randomly divided into two groups: 20 in the plan group and 20 in the control group. The plan group carried out periodic weekly exercises and both groups underwent cardiovascular risk factor checkups. Follow-up was conducted for 5 years in both groups.We performed a descriptive analysis of the variables involved. Categorical data were analyzed using percentages, whereas quantitative using the average with the respective standard deviation and median. Independently analyzed the qualitative or categorical variables through a Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. To analyze the difference between the two groups in the case of continuous variables used Student's t-test or the nonparametric Mann Whitney when distribution was normal. We compared the survival of patients in the plan with the control group by producing Kaplan-Meier curves, applied to these curves the log-rank test. Statistical significance was considered P <0.05. Results. Mortality was 25% for the plan group, while the control group accounted for 55% (p=0.035). Regarding morbidity, 8 patients (40%) from the plan group underwent 9 hospitalizations, whereas 13 patients (65%) from the control group underwent 18 hospitalizations (p=0.0095). Conclusions. Proper plans encompassing scheduled exercises and a strict control of risk factors, significantly improve the morbimortality of patients with lower extremities amputations due to vascular reasons.

Introdução. A aterosclerose afeta os vasos sanguíneos dos membros inferiores, levando à amputação, também pode envolver outros vasos (coronárias, carótidas, etc.). A doença cardíaca é significativamente maior nestes casos, aumentando a morbidade e a mortalidade de 5 ou 10 anos, principalmente devido a doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes. Estes pacientes precisam desenvolver uma maior energia para andar que os não-amputados. Há evidências de que a realização de exercícios programados periódicos usando grupos musculares pertencentes ao tronco e membros superiores, foram obtidos resultados semelhantes aos alcançados convencionalmente em reabilitação cardiovascular. Objetivo. Avaliar o impacto que causa a reabilitação cardiovascular na morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes amputados de membros inferiores devido à doença vascular arterial. Material e métodos. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos 40 pacientes, de 20 no grupo plano (GP) e 20 no grupo controle (GC). No GP realizaram-se exercícios semanários e periódicos e para ambos os grupos controles dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Ambos os grupos foram seguidos durante 5 anos. A análise descritiva das variáveis envolvidas foi realizada. Os dados categóricos foram analisados utilizando porcentagens, enquanto quantitativos, utilizando a média com o respectivo desvio padrão e mediana. Foi analisada a independência entre variáveis qualitativas ou categóricas através de teste de Qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fischer. Para analisar a diferença entre os dois grupos, no caso das variáveis contínuas foi utilizado o teste t de Student ou o teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney quando a distribuição não foi normal. Foi comparada a sobrevida de pacientes do GP com o GC, através da realização de curvas de Kaplan-Meier, nestas curvas se aplicaram o teste de log-rank. A significância estatística foi considerada quando um valor de p <0,05. Resultados. A mortalidade do GP foi de 25%, enquanto que o GC foi responsável de 55% (p=0,035). Em relação à morbidade, oito pacientes (40%) do GP sofreram nove internações, enquanto que 13 pacientes (65%) do GC sofreram 18 hospitalizações (p=0,0095). Conclusão. Os planos adequados que incluem exercícios programados periódicos e rigoroso controle dos fatores de risco diminuem significativamente a morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes amputados de membros inferiores de causa vascular.

Rehabilitación cardiovascular en amputados de miembros inferiores de causa vascular / Cardiovascular rehabilitation in the lower extremities amputations to vascular diseases / ReabilitaþÒo cardiovascular em os amputados dos membros inferiores de causa vascular

Introducción. La aterosclerosis que afecta a los vasos de los miembros inferiores, llevándolos a la amputación, también puede involucrar otros vasos (coronarios, carotídeos, etc.). Las cardiopatías son significativamente elevadas en estos casos, incrementando su morbi-mortalidad a 5 ó 10 años, en su mayor parte, debido a patologías cardiovasculares y a diabetes. Estos pacientes para deambular deben desarrollar una energía superior a los no amputados. Hay evidencias de que efectuando ejercicios programados periódicos, utilizando los grupos musculares pertenecientes al tronco y a los miembros superiores, se obtienen similares resultados a los conseguidos convencionalmente en rehabilitación cardiovascular. Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto que provoca la rehabilitación cardiovascular en la morbi-mortalidad de pacientes amputados de miembros inferiores de causa vascular arterial. Material y métodos. Se aleatorizaron 40 pacientes en dos grupos, 20 en el grupo plan (GP) y 20 en el grupo control (GC). Al GP se le efectuaron ejercicios semanales periódicos y a ambos grupos controles de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Ambos grupos fueron seguidos durante 5 años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables involucradas. Los datos categóricos se analizaron utilizando porcentajes, en tanto que los cuantitativos, utilizando la media con el respectivo desvío estándar y la mediana. Se analizó la independencia entre variables cualitativas o categóricas a través de una prueba de Chi-cuadrado o test exacto de Fischer. Para analizar la diferencia entre los dos grupos en el caso de variables continuas se usó el test t de Student o la prueba no paramétrica de Mann Whitney cuando la distribución no fue normal. Se comparó la supervivencia de los pacientes del GP con la del GC mediante la confección de curvas de Kaplan-Meier, aplicándose a estas curvas la prueba de log-rank. Se consideró significación estadística un valor de p <0,05. Resultados. La mortalidad del GP fue del 25%, la del GC del 55% (p=0,035). Morbilidad: en el GP, 8 pacientes (40%) padecieron 9 internaciones; en el GC, 13 pacientes (65%) padecieron 18 internaciones (p=0,0095). Conclusión. Los adecuados planes que engloban ejercicios programados periódicos y estricto control de los factores de riesgo disminuyen significativamente la morbi-mortalidad de los pacientes amputados de miembros inferiores de causa vascular.(AU)

Introduction. The atherosclerosis affecting blood vessels from lower extremities and leading to amputation can involve other vessels too (such as heart and carotid among others). Heart disease is remarkably high in these cases, and its 5 to 10 year morbimortality is high too, mainly cardiovascular pathologies and diabetes. Patients need to develop greater more energy to roam than patients without amputation. It has been shown that periodic scheduled exercises using the muscle groups corresponding to the trunk and upper extremities yield similar results to those conventionally achieved with cardiovascular rehabilitation. Objective. Assess the impact exerted by cardiovascular rehabilitation on the morbimortality of lower extremities amputees due to vascular/arterial diseases. Material and methods. To meet objectives, 40 patients were randomly divided into two groups: 20 in the plan group and 20 in the control group. The plan group carried out periodic weekly exercises and both groups underwent cardiovascular risk factor checkups. Follow-up was conducted for 5 years in both groups.We performed a descriptive analysis of the variables involved. Categorical data were analyzed using percentages, whereas quantitative using the average with the respective standard deviation and median. Independently analyzed the qualitative or categorical variables through a Chi-square test or Fishers exact test. To analyze the difference between the two groups in the case of continuous variables used Students t-test or the nonparametric Mann Whitney when distribution was normal. We compared the survival of patients in the plan with the control group by producing Kaplan-Meier curves, applied to these curves the log-rank test. Statistical significance was considered P <0.05. Results. Mortality was 25% for the plan group, while the control group accounted for 55% (p=0.035). Regarding morbidity, 8 patients (40%) from the plan group underwent 9 hospitalizations, whereas 13 patients (65%) from the control group underwent 18 hospitalizations (p=0.0095). Conclusions. Proper plans encompassing scheduled exercises and a strict control of risk factors, significantly improve the morbimortality of patients with lower extremities amputations due to vascular reasons.(AU)

IntroduþÒo. A aterosclerose afeta os vasos sanguíneos dos membros inferiores, levando O amputaþÒo, também pode envolver outros vasos (coronárias, carótidas, etc.). A doenþa cardíaca é significativamente maior nestes casos, aumentando a morbidade e a mortalidade de 5 ou 10 anos, principalmente devido a doenþas cardiovasculares e diabetes. Estes pacientes precisam desenvolver uma maior energia para andar que os nÒo-amputados. Há evidÛncias de que a realizaþÒo de exercícios programados periódicos usando grupos musculares pertencentes ao tronco e membros superiores, foram obtidos resultados semelhantes aos alcanþados convencionalmente em reabilitaþÒo cardiovascular. Objetivo. Avaliar o impacto que causa a reabilitaþÒo cardiovascular na morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes amputados de membros inferiores devido O doenþa vascular arterial. Material e métodos. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos 40 pacientes, de 20 no grupo plano (GP) e 20 no grupo controle (GC). No GP realizaram-se exercícios semanários e periódicos e para ambos os grupos controles dos fatores de risco cardiova

[Early repolarization in soccer players' ECG. Prevalence, characteristics and evolution]. / La repolarización precoz en el electrocardiograma del futbolista. Prevalencia, características y evolución.

UNLABELLED: Early repolarization (RP) on the electrocardiogram (ECG) of the athlete has been considered a benign finding. In some publications it has been associated with increased risk of sudden death. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of infero-lateral RP in a population of trained players, to describe variables associated with this pattern and investigate the occurrence of events in the follow up. ECG of players with a normal cardiovascular physical examination and without family and personal history of heart disease, were analyzed. RP was considered the J-point elevation = 0.1 mV over baseline in at least 2 inferior and / or lateral precordial leads, associated or not with positive deflection or notch in the end of the QRS. RP is related to the voltage of R in V5 or V6, the PR interval, heart rate (HR) and age. They were contacted at 60 ± 5 months after the initial assessment ECG. STATISTICS: chi square and t test for unpaired data. We evaluated ECG of 210 soccer players, of European-South American origin, with high intensity training. Age: 18 ± 4.6 years. The RP ECG was present in 86 (40.9%), including the lower subtype in 17 (8.1%). One ECG showed PR in lower face in isolation. RP footballers were older, with less FC, prolonged PR and lower voltage of R. None of the players presented cardiovascular events in a 5 years follow up after this evaluation.

La repolarización precoz en el electrocardiograma del futbolista. Prevalencia, características y evolución. / [Early repolarization in soccer players ECG. Prevalence, characteristics and evolution].

UNLABELLED: Early repolarization (RP) on the electrocardiogram (ECG) of the athlete has been considered a benign finding. In some publications it has been associated with increased risk of sudden death. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of infero-lateral RP in a population of trained players, to describe variables associated with this pattern and investigate the occurrence of events in the follow up. ECG of players with a normal cardiovascular physical examination and without family and personal history of heart disease, were analyzed. RP was considered the J-point elevation = 0.1 mV over baseline in at least 2 inferior and / or lateral precordial leads, associated or not with positive deflection or notch in the end of the QRS. RP is related to the voltage of R in V5 or V6, the PR interval, heart rate (HR) and age. They were contacted at 60 ± 5 months after the initial assessment ECG. STATISTICS: chi square and t test for unpaired data. We evaluated ECG of 210 soccer players, of European-South American origin, with high intensity training. Age: 18 ± 4.6 years. The RP ECG was present in 86 (40.9

), including the lower subtype in 17 (8.1

). One ECG showed PR in lower face in isolation. RP footballers were older, with less FC, prolonged PR and lower voltage of R. None of the players presented cardiovascular events in a 5 years follow up after this evaluation.

Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete.

Cardiovascular remodelling in the conditioned athlete is frequently associated with physiological ECG changes. Abnormalities, however, may be detected which represent expression of an underlying heart disease that puts the athlete at risk of arrhythmic cardiac arrest during sports. It is mandatory that ECG changes resulting from intensive physical training are distinguished from abnormalities which reflect a potential cardiac pathology. The present article represents the consensus statement of an international panel of cardiologists and sports medical physicians with expertise in the fields of electrocardiography, imaging, inherited cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular pathology, and management of young competitive athletes. The document provides cardiologists and sports medical physicians with a modern approach to correct interpretation of 12-lead ECG in the athlete and emerging understanding of incomplete penetrance of inherited cardiovascular disease. When the ECG of an athlete is examined, the main objective is to distinguish between physiological patterns that should cause no alarm and those that require action and/or additional testing to exclude (or confirm) the suspicion of an underlying cardiovascular condition carrying the risk of sudden death during sports. The aim of the present position paper is to provide a framework for this distinction. For every ECG abnormality, the document focuses on the ensuing clinical work-up required for differential diagnosis and clinical assessment. When appropriate the referral options for risk stratification and cardiovascular management of the athlete are briefly addressed.

Es confiable la fórmula 220-edad para determinar la frecuencia cardíaca máxima que puede alcanzar un individuo? / Is 220-age a true formula to estimate maximal exercise heart rate?

La fórmula 220-edad es utilizada para estimar la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (FCM) teórica que puede alcanzar un individuo al realizar un ejercicio máximo. Objetivos: comparar la FCM alcanzada en ergometría (PEG con la ecuación 220-edad ± 5 %; calcular coeficiente de regresión lineal (F) entre edad y FCM en PEG (FCMP). Evaluar si este coeficiente estima FCMP.

The formula 220-age is frequently used to estimate maximal heart rate. Aims: To compare the maximal heart rate in exercise testing (MHREx) with the heart rate obtained by 220-age ± 5 %. To estimate the lineal regression coefficient (F) between age and MHREx (F). To compare F ± 5 % with 220-age to estimate MHREx.

Es confiable la fórmula 220-edad para determinar la frecuencia cardíaca máxima que puede alcanzar un individuo? / Is 220-age a true formula to estimate maximal exercise heart rate?

La fórmula 220-edad es utilizada para estimar la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (FCM) teórica que puede alcanzar un individuo al realizar un ejercicio máximo. Objetivos: comparar la FCM alcanzada en ergometría (PEG con la ecuación 220-edad ± 5 %; calcular coeficiente de regresión lineal (F) entre edad y FCM en PEG (FCMP). Evaluar si este coeficiente estima FCMP.(AU)

The formula 220-age is frequently used to estimate maximal heart rate. Aims: To compare the maximal heart rate in exercise testing (MHREx) with the heart rate obtained by 220-age ± 5 %. To estimate the lineal regression coefficient (F) between age and MHREx (F). To compare F ± 5 % with 220-age to estimate MHREx.(AU)